According to the International Veterinary Information Service, researchers M.S. Davis and W.M. Foster released a paper indicating that “as little as 10 ppm for 5 to 7 weeks can cause dysfunction of the horse’s mucus membranes, which decreases immune response and makes the horse susceptible to other pathogens.”

In 2001, Michigan State University’s Equine Pulmonary Laboratory released a study, which found that stabled young horses during training suffer respiratory distress compared to young horses that are pastured during training. The researchers reported – “We conclude that stabling is associated with inflammation of both the upper and lower airway of young horses.”

The article also reported – “Ammonia’s effects are exacerbated in foals, according to Frederick Harper, PhD and extension horse specialist for the University of Tennessee. According to Harper, approximately 15 percent of all foals suffer a severe respiratory disease before they are one year old, although most occur between 2 to 6 months. Since foals spend a great deal of time on or near the stall floor, ammonia exposure is heightened.

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